KARAKTERISTIK UNIVERSAL PELAYANAN PUBLIK: SEBUAH TINJAUAN TEORITIK

Nowdays, theoretichal debates on public services have been dominated by the changing ideas from New Public Management to governance, from market-oriented public services to citizen-oriented public service. It will be a never ending process because country and market life in mutualism symbiosis. They need each other. Starting from theoritical ideas and public service praxis in several countries, this paper construct a concept of universal characteristics of public services, which is, public service should be serve public value and public interest, they are not value free, they must be partipatory and empowering, fast, flexible, and friendly, economically, social and ecological justice oriented, accountable, resposive, transparent, acting based on ethical norms and laws. Although public service has universal characteristics but contextual and situational factor still influence praxis of public service in many countries.