Non-invasive Methods to Predict Hypotension after Spinal Anesthesia

Hypotension is a frequent event after spinal anaesthesia. Empiric fluid administration is usually performed to prevent this complication but with the risk of volume overload. Aim of this narrative review is to describe the non-invasive methods currently present in the literature to have a helpful guide in adjusting the volume state to prevent hypotension after spinal anaesthesia.