Stages of Copper Coin Circulation in the Bulgar Vilayat (second half of 13th — first third of 14th cc.)

А.I. Bugarchyov, P.N. Petrov Stages of copper coins minting and circulation in the Bulgar vilayat during the second half of the 13th to first third of the 14th century are examined in the article. The catalog of all currently known copper coin types that had been minted in 1266-1340 at the Bulgar mint is presented. On the basis of indirect evidence, the dating of four types of copper coins has been suggested. An extended (cca. 60 years) period from the late 13th to early 14th century has been revealed, when the puls were not minted, being out of circulation in the Bulgar vilayat. Thus, a temporary switch from bimetallic (silver and copper) circulation to monometallic (silver) one, followed by a return to the bimetallic (silver and copper) variant is observed. The resumption of pul minting in the 14th century is associated by the authors with the reform pursued by Uzbek Khan in the Bulgar vilayat.