SMALL PARTICLES WITH LARGE PERSPECTIVES: II. HOW TO OBTAIN?

The second article of the series deals with the main trends in the development of the methods to obtain nanoparticles – so called “bottom-up” and “up-bottom”. In the first case small particles are formed as a result of combination of the smaller ones (atoms as a limit), in the second – as a result of dispergation of the bulk matter. The electronic structure and the properties of the particles therewith could be different in the dependence on the way they were obtained (by means of dispergation or the atomic aggregation). Atoms and very small clusters can be stabilized by methods of cryochemistry discussed in the article. Nanoparticles formation by means of chemical and radiochemical synthesis, synthesis in the heterophase systems, providing the effective control of particle size and shape, the ways to obtain core-shell and hollow particles are considered next as well as the principles of the mechanical and chemical (redox) dispergation of the solids, leading to the ultradispersive and nanosized particles formation.