A REVIEW ON ANTIOXIDANTS AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN TYPE-2 DIABETES MELLITUS

Strikingly the developments in both therapeutic and nutritional circuits have punctuated with some success and some spectacular failures in treating Type- 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2-DM). It is advocated that antioxidants should be given only if pre-existing deficiency is present. Selection of antioxidant is another important aspect. Type-2 Diabetes mellitus (T2-DM) is measured to be one of the most frequent chronic diseases global. There is a increasing scientific and public awareness in connecting oxidative stress with a variety of pathological conditions including Type-2 Diabetes mellitus (T-2DM), cardio vascular diseases (CVD), coronary artery diseases with Type-2 Diabetes mellitus (CADT2-DM) as well as other human diseases. Preexisting experimental and clinical studies report that oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis and development of complications in T2-DM. Conversely, the exact mechanism by which oxidative stress could contribute to and accelerate the development of complications in T2-DM is only to some extent known and remains to be clarified. On the one hand, hyperglycemia induces free radicals; on the other hand, it impairs the endogenous antioxidant defense system in patients with diabetes. Endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms include both enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways. Common antioxidants include the vitamins A, C, and E, glutathione (GSH), and the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GRx). This review describes role of oxidative stress in micro and macro vascular complications of T2-DM. Lastly but most importantly the impact of OS is not obligatory but facultative. As such only those diabetic patients will be benefited by antioxidant therapies that have impelling punch of pro-oxidants.