The Effectof Cellulose Incorporation on Charcoal-Carbon Structure.Part I: The Influence of Carbonisation Temperature

This paper deals with the effect ef cellulose incorporation on charcoal structure at various carbonization temperatures.The charcoalwasproduced.ft"om carboniZf1tion ef a 40 : 60 simulated mixture of lignin and cellulose 11sing an electrical!J heated steel retort at various temperatures ranging.from 200°C to 850°C. The changesin the chemical structurefromraw material(uncarbonized)to lignin-cellulosecharcoal (carbonized)wereevaluatedusing nano• scale instruments,i.e. FIIR (Fourier TransformInfra red), XRD (X-RayDiffraction)and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope).FTIRspectra revealed that the most significant change in chemicalstructureef charcoaloccurred at 500°C-750°C.The absorption band intensity ef OH and C=C bonds in the charcoal tended to decrease with increasing carbonization temperatures. I.ignin-cellulose charcoalproduced at 850°C indicatively possessed C-H bonds from the aliphatic and C-0-C bondsfrom the aromatic structures. Resultsfrom XRD assessment strong/y suggested that the width of aromatic layers (LJ and the interl(f)ler spacing (d) of aromatic sheets in the charcoal decreased alongwith the increase of carbonization temperatures. On the other hand, the increase in carbonization temperature sbrought about the increasesin the height (LJ, crystalinity degree(X), and the average number ef aromaticf(f)lers (a~. SEM analysis showed that the number and size efpores on lignin-cellulose charcoalincreased with increasing carbonization temperatures.In general, carbonization temperature cf 85(C resultedin carbon withfavorable qualities.As such the produced charcoal exhibited crytallinity degreeat 35.0%, height ef aromaticlayer (LJ 3.22 nm, width of aromaticlayers (LJ 9.18 nm, number ef aromaticlayers (NJ 9, and the distance betueen aromatic layers consemtive!J 0.36 nm (df002) and 0.21 nm (droo) with pore diameter ef 2.3 µm. This lignin-cellulose charcoal afforded more regularity in structure, higher crystaliinity degree,lesspolarity, and largermacroporesas comparedto charcoal produced with out incorporating cellulose