Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part 43: Statues of Horse, Leopard, Turtle and Frog

This paper is the 43rd research paper in a series investigating the evolution of mechanical engineering in ancient Egypt. It tries to achieve this purpose through investigating the production of ancient Egyptians horse, leopard, turtle and frog statues during the era from Predynastic to Late Period. Each statue is presented chronically with present location if known and with engineering analysis showing its creativity. The innovation in the designs is outlined and the main concepts of mechanical design methodology in ancient Egypt are outlined