Mass Production of Entomopathogenic Nematodes- A Review

Utilization of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) is an ecofriendly method of crop protection. EPNs can be easily mass produced. Production approaches are either in vivo or in vitro methods (solid and liquid). Most nematodes intended for commercial application are produced in solid or liquid fermentation technology. However, for laboratory research and small greenhouse or field trials, in vivo production of entomopathogenic nematodes is the common method of propagation. Mass production of EPNs is influenced by the amount of progeny required, time, resources, the costs of production, as well as the level of expertise available. The differences in nematode life cycle and bacterial symbiosis play major role in final nematode yields. This review describes the general biology of EPNs and gives an overview of studies to date on EPNs mass production.