Recent Topics in Steroid and Asthma: Beyond the 'Classic' Concept of Action

Glucocorticoid (GC)s exert anti-inflammatory effects via binding to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) (NR3C1), targeted gene expression, and protein synthesis, which need hours before the onset of the action (transactivation). GCs also suppress inflammation by direct or indirect interaction with transcription factors, such as activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) (transrepression). Recently, the non-genomic actions of GCs were discovered on recognition of its rapid onset of action within seconds to minutes.