A REVIEW ON ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTATION TECHNIQUES APPLIED IN GROUNDWATER LEVEL DETERMINATION

Measuring groundwater level or depth-to-water is critically important for identifying long-term trends, including declining groundwater levels. To manage groundwater, there is need for timely and accurate data to assess groundwater conditions in order to manage and prevent adverse situations. The principal source of information about the hydrological stresses acting on aquifers and their impact on groundwater recharge, storage and discharge is groundwater level measurements. Systematic and accurate measurements of groundwater levels provide important data required to evaluate changes in groundwater resources condition overtime; to develop groundwater models used in forecasting trends; and also to design, implement, as well as monitor the effectiveness of groundwater management and protection programs. There are different electrical instruments that have been proposed and in use for determining water level with various degrees of efficiency. The application of these instruments in various columns differs. In this paper, the authors reviewed various instrumentation techniques applied in groundwater level determination. The advantages and limitation of these techniques are also discussed. This work can serve as an inspirational and informative tool to new and old researchers who are not (or adequately) grounded in this special area of research.