An Update on Etiopathogenesis and Management of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

The incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is increasing at a massive pace globally. It results possibly from a genetic susceptibility and exposure to an environmental trigger. What is important is to use guidelines like staging the disease before overt hyperglycaemia occurs for which one need biomarkers also called whistle blowers. We have tried to summarize the pathogenesis, including honeymoon phase and subsequently various antigen based and non antigen based interventional trials, besides therapies which help in beta cell neogenesis. Role of stem cell, modifications of umbilical cord stem cell and lastly isle cell transplantation is covered. Treatment plans can be based on C peptide levels which gives a fair bit of idea about prognosis. Despite so much research insulin in some or other form remains main stay although not curative. Emphasis should be made to diagnose before overt disease occurs when therapies like teplizumab may work.