Hydrochemical Assessment of Ground Water of Springs (Bowlis) of Udhampur District, J&K, India

The ground water quality of springs (bowlis) in Udhampur District, Jammu, J&K, India has been assessed to see the suitability of ground water for domestic applications. The various parameters analyzed were pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), Carbonate (CO32-), Bicarbonate (HCO3-), Chloride (Cl-), Sulphate (SO4-2), Nitrate (NO3-), Fluoride (F-), Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Iron (Fe) and Total hardness (TH). The water samples were collected from 17 different springs (Bowlis) during the pre-monsoon period (Mar. 2014 to May 2014). The results were compared with standard values of drinking water prescribed by IS:10500, BIS and WHO. To analyse the data with statistical point of view the statistical parameters like Mean, Range, Standard deviation, coefficient of variation, correlation coefficient, Kurtosis, Skewness were systematically calculated for each parameter. Also, Single factor Anova tables, Piper Diagram and Schoeller graph were prepared to signify the major results. Also, an account has been prepared to analyze the factors like Sum of Anions (meq/l), Sum of Cations (meq/l), calculated TDS (mg/l), Dissolved Minerals (mg/l) like Halite (NaCl), Sylvite (KCl), Carbonate (CaCO3), Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2), Anhydrite (CaSO4), permanent hardness, temporary hardness and alkalinity.