MOLECULAR AND BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ENDOMETRIAL CANCER: CURRENT STATE OF THE PROBLEM

In structure of genesial system malignant tumors the share of endometrial cancer (hysterocarcinoma) reaches 7,1%, taking the second place after a breast cancer. In Russia more than 19,8 thousand new patients with endometrial cancer annually are registered. Allocate two pathogenetic options of hysterocarcinoma. The augmentation of endometrial cancer cases dictates need not only early detection of this disease, but also adequate treatment taking into account its molecular and biological nature. Are presented in the review a series of works of domestic and foreign authors, devoted to this problem. The role of microsatellite instability (MSI) in development of endometrial cancer is shown. So at the I stage of hysterocarcinoma the frequency of MSI identification makes 30,8% depending on prevalence of tumor. At an assessment of an expression of membranous protein PD-1 PD-L1 expression augmentation at 92% of patients with endometrial cancer is taped. It is established that depression of PTEN function is registered in 55% cases of atypical hyperplasia and 83% cases of hysterocarcinoma, and activating mutations in kinase of PI3K are observed in 25-30% cases of hysterocarcinoma. The hyper EGFR expression is taped at 50-80% patients by endometrial cancer 2 types. Rising of Bcl-2 gene expression in tumoral uterus tissues in comparison with normal tissues, and also augmentation of IL8, MMP3, MMP gene expression is established. Rising of adrenomedullin expression in groups of patients with endometrial cancer is shown. It is established that cyclooxygenases are often taped at hysterocarcinoma that is followed by deterioration in survival of patients after surgical treatment. At research of polymorphic locuses of detoxicating of CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTP1 xenobiotics genes the augmentation of mutant forms frequency of these genes at endometrial cancer is shown. It is necessary to notice that now any tumoral markers isn't recommended for wide clinical use at endometrial cancer. Detailed studying of this problem to allow to optimize diagnostics and cancer therapy, and the research of genetic features of two options of endometrial cancer will promote personalisation of approaches its therapy.