Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Novel Therapy in Orthopedics

Background: Mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into a variety of cell types. They have the ability to release bioactive molecules, making them attractive tools in cell-based therapies. Adipose tissue is an ideal source of autologous mesenchymal stem cells for its abundance and easy access. Mesenchymal stem cells are routinely obtained enzymatically from lipoaspirate as stromal vascular fraction. Objectives: The aim of this review is to investigate the advantages of adipose derived stem cells in orthopedic application. Methods: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs, in addition to cohort and case control studies, as well as case series were included. Search language was restricted to English and time starting from year 2012. Only published papers were eligible. Results: Thirteen articles were included in the review, they consisted of 1 RCT, 4 nRCTs, 1 prospective comparative study, 1 longitudinal cohort study, 2 case control studies, 3 case series and one case report. The number of patients injected with stem cells ranged between 12 and 1128. A total of 1482 patients were treated with adipose derived stem cells. Conclusion: The use of adipose derived stem cells had shown to be safe and effective in bone and cartilage repair.