Immune PID controller based on differential evolution algorithm for heart rate regulation

This paper presents different structures of immune proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control system, to regulate the heart rate. It is based on Yanagihara, Noma, and Irisawa (YNI) model that represent the mathematical model of the heart. Three structure designs have been proposed to emphasize the optimality in the control process. In this work differential evolution (DE) algorithm is considered to optimize the controller parameters. The performance of the proposed three controllers has been compared to traditional PID methods. The comparison results show best improvement when using the proposed structure-III with 0% maximum overshoot, a reduction of 98.9%, 96.8% and 30.8% in rising time, settling time, and steady state error respectively.