Review of procedures involving separation and Solid Phase Extraction for the determination of cadmium using spectrometric techniques

Spectrometric techniques for the analysis of trace Cadmium have developed rapidly due to the increasing need for accurate measurements at extremely low levels of this element in diverse matrices. This review covers separation and preconcentration procedures, and consider the features of the their application with several spectrometric techniques. The use of an appropriate sample handling technique is a must in an analysis of trace Cadmium in water. The efforts to use a solid phase for the recovery of analytes from a water matrix prior to their detection have a long history. The initial experimental applications of SPE resulted in widespread use of this technique in current water analysis and also to adoption of SPE into standardized analytical methods. Cadmium is recognized worldwide as a poisonous metal. Thus, the determination of this element is often required in environmental, biological, food and geological samples. However, these analyses are difficult because such samples contain relatively low concentrations of Cadmium, which fall below the detection limit of conventional analytical techniques such as flame atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Several preconcentration procedures to determine Cadmium have therefore been devised, involving separation techniques such as liquid–liquid extraction, solid phase extraction, coprecipitation and cloud point extraction. Review of preconcentration procedures for determining Cadmium using spectroanalytical techniques. A brief overview of the history of the use of SPE in trace Cadmium analysis of water is given in presented paper.