Educational Assessment and Some Related Indicators of Educational Equality and Equity

The article asks three questions of equality in education. First, what kind of equality we are talking about - numerical equality, proportional equality, formal equality, or moral equity? Second, how to categorize the indicators in a practical manner? Third, how to use the equality indicators based on the national level assessment of student achievement? The article starts with a theoretical treatment and gives a framework for further studies of educational indicators. The indicators are divided into absolute- and relative indicators as well as binding- and preferable indicators. In the empirical part, 26 parity indicators are introduced and discussed based on national level datasets from student achievement.