Marine Pollution of Chemicals Detergents Contamination Induced Apoptosis and Necrosis in Fish Liver (Sardine aurita) by Flow Cytometry DNA Measurements

Background: Presently, there are wide uses of detergents, which discharged to marine environment (Mediterrean sea). Detergents are organic chemical compounds, consisting of fatty acids, and different components of Alkyl Benzene, Sulphonates, Polyphosphates, Cellulose, Sucrinic acid, and Sodium Lauryl Sulfates. Further, even if at low concentrations, the synthetic detergents are considered to be toxic to marine biodiversity. Since, these surfactants are not completely degraded by waste water treatment. It has ability to damage the DNA and accumulated on fish and other marine organisms. Methods: Flow cytometry technique was applied, because it's accuracy for analysis of DNA contents. Hence, the present study evaluated the impact of sodium lauryl sulfate as synthetic detergent on the DNA of sardine fish as a marine biological indicator. Sardinella aurita was collected from clean and SLS-contaminated sites. The flow cytometry technique was employed to assess levels of active (apoptosis) and passive (necrosis) cell death in both exposed and unexposed fishes to SLS. Result: Chemical detergent contains 120 ml (i.e., 20mg/L) of sodium lauryl sulfates. The result shows more distinct and significant differences of the early and late apoptosis/ necrosis of Sardine fish liver, compared with unexposed fish samples from cleaned reference site. Conclusions: The present data indicate that SLS was able to cause toxicity to fish. Data recorded revealed that toxicity as a significant accumulation of hepatic tissue cellular DNA during the G0-G1 in a significant way (P<0.05), compared with that of unexposed liver tissue. In the same way, there was an insignificant accumulation of hepatic cell's DNA in the S phase but not during the G2/M phase, finally there was a significant arrest / DNA accumulation during the PreG1- phase (P<0.05). In the meantime, accompanies of apoptotic profile of cells exposed to SLS showed a significant total apoptotic form significantly elevated compared with reference site.