Language disorders and recovery patterns in bilingual Azerbaijani Turkish-Persian aphasics with subcortical brain lesions

One of the most important and latest issues in neurolinguistic studies is the nature and differences of aphasias resulting from damage to the cortical and sub-cortical brain structures in bi/multilingual aphasics. In 1982, the sub-cortical aphasia was officially considered to be a type of aphasia along with other kinds which had been identified previously. The sub-cortical aphasia happens following lesions to the thalamus and basal ganglia. Aphasia has been defined from different perspectives. From a neurological perspective, aphasia is an acquired language impairment resulting from a focal brain lesion. This language impairment can be present in all language components (phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics), across all modalities (speaking, reading, writing, signing), and in the output (expression) and input (comprehension) modes. Traditionally, aphasia seemed to be the result of damages to the brain cortex. However, in the recent decades, using the recent neuroimaging techniques, it became obvious that the subcortical areas in the brain play vital roles in language processing and representation, too. Concerning its complexity and different symptoms, aphasia is divided into different syndromes including Wernicke, Broca, conduction, transcortical sensory, transcortical motor, anomia, global, mixed transcortical and subcortical types...