Toll like Receptors: An Insight Role against the Pathogen

Host defense against the invading microbial antigens are recognized by the immune system. The present study focuses on the frequency distribution and phylogenetic relationship of ten human TLR genes among four populations in the North Bengal region of India and also aimed to study the frequency and distribution of TLR genes in the patients of Rheumatoid arthritis, Typhoid fever and in HIV. It has been documented from population based study that TLR8 and TLR9 are having very high frequency among Rajbanshi in respect of other three populations. In Gurkha population TLR4 and TLR5 are showing the highest frequencies. On the other hand, in Rabha population, the frequency of TLR4 is highest, whereas in Muslim population TLR3, TLR5 and TLR7 are showing the highest frequencies. This study has also documented the phylogenetic relationship of the four populations and found that convergent evolution has occurred among the population in respect of their TLR genes. In case of the rheumatoid arthritis frequency of TLR1, TLR6 and TLR8 are highest among patients. Relative risks are also high for TLR4, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9. Odd ratio is very high for TLR1, TLR4, TLR6, TLR8 and TLR9. TLR1, TLR5 and TLR6 are highly up-regulated among typhoid patients whereas TLR8 (0.809) and TLR9 (0.865) are very high among HIV patients. Odd ratio is observed very high in case of both typhoid and HIV increased multiple times between patients and control group. It can be concluded that the results will not only help to understand the genetic background of the studied ethnic populations in respect to their TLR genes, but also shade light on the association with the TLR genes with the above mentioned diseases.