Calcium Concentration in Ground Water of Punjab Satluj Floodplain (India): Spatio-temporal Analysis from 1970-2011

Maximum permissible limit of calcium ion concentration is 75 mg/L. In study area, range of calcium concentration in groundwater was varied with time. Calcium concentration in groundwater exceeds permissible consumption limit with time as it ranged between 33 to 110 mg/L in 1970 and reached to 206 mg/L during 1980 with 69.42 and 76.74 mean respectively, in 1990, 2000 and 2011 calcium concentration existed between 14 to 140 mg/L, 17 to 68 mg/L and 8 to 78 mg/L respectively. Concentration of calcium is effected by the nature of hydrogen ion concentration, carbon dioxide and carbonate minerals.