Current approach to vaccine applications in veterinary protozoology

Protozoan infections in animals are liable for significant production losses, and lots of protozoan parasites are of zoonotic importance. The use of anti-protozoal drugs is the most common way to treat protozoan diseases. Nevertheless, anti-protozoan drug resistance and the prevalence of drug residues in food-producing animals in different parts of the world have emerged as one of the key problems for protozoan control programs. Vaccinating animals to control certain infections is the most reliable and cost-efficient way to control protozoan infections. Although the initial cost of vaccination is high long-term immunity from animal vaccination provides a cheaper and more reliable solution to infection control. With this review, the current status of vaccine applications in veterinary protozoology has been reviewed.