Investigation of the Chemistry of Metformin by Targeting the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway (A response Surface Methodology Approach)

According to previous chemistry researches, Nrf2 is an essential leucine zipper protein that can regulate the expression of antioxidant proteins and protect against oxidative damage caused by inflammation or injury. Nrf2 effectively activates gene products, thereby reducing reactive oxygen species and electrophiles; therefore, it can prevent the progression of many chronic diseases or delay them. It is also effective in regulating several metabolic genes (purine nucleoside biosynthesis, pentose phosphate pathway, and increasing mitochondrial function and fatty acid metabolism). The balance between oxidation and antioxidants in the body is called oxidative stress. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, which are endogenous antioxidants, cannot counteract the oxidative regulation of lipids, proteins, DNA, and cellular structures in oxidative stress. During diabetes, Nrf2 expression decreases, thus accelerating and intensifying the oxidative stress process. It can also be suggested that the decreased Nrf2 expression and increased oxidative stress in kidney tissue can affect the number of proteins involved in apoptosis, such as Bax and BCL2 affect and accelerate the process of apoptosis in kidney cells.pacificus bacteria as a new species that can bioremediation.