Monitoring and Detecting the Impact of Oil Sabotage on Land Using Multispectral Imagery

— Oil pollution has been shown to cause ecological imbalances in the Niger Delta region. The most efficient method of detecting and quantifying oil spill extent, assessing the impact of these spills, and predicting remediation measures is to use multispectral imagery with a geospatial tool. The data was obtained from the Nigeria Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA) between January and April 2019, and the US Geological Survey provided Landsat 5 in 1990 and Landsat 8 in 2020. This study assesses the spatial and temporal impact of sabotage spillage in 34 locations. The results show that the total oil spill on land is 70%, while the recovered oil spill is 30%, implying that 40% of the oil spill is spread across the study area, causing environmental pollution. The impact of spills on vegetation is calculated using vegetation indices based on the spectral bands most sensitive to plants and soil, namely the Near Infrared (NIR), Red (R), and Green (G) bands. This study used five indices: the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), the Atmospheric Resistant Vegetation Index 2 (ARVI2), the Green-Short Wave Infrared (G-SWIR), and the GreenNear Infrared (GNIR) (G-NIR). The NDVI decreases slightly from 0.19–0.2 to 0.14–0.18, while the SAVI decreases significantly from 0.31–0.65 to 0.21–0.27. The ARVI2 decreases from 0.06–0.33 to - 0.01–-0.03 between 1990 and 2020, while the G-SWIR de