RISK MANAGEMENT RELATED TO THE PRESENCE OF LEAD IN DRINKING WATER: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Background: Lead is classified as a toxic element because of its adverse health effects. World Health Organization fixes its tolerance limit at 10μg/l. Lead in drinking water mainly comes from the dissolution of lead present in pipes, especially in old buildings. Resources and procedures: Through a literature review, we analyzed articles dealing with lead intoxication through drinking water. Used key words for the search were: lead, water and lead intoxication. The aim is to focus on the causes of this intoxication, the different consequences on the body, the standards in use and the prophylactic measures regarding this toxic element. Results and comments: Saturnism is a disease corresponding to acute or chronic lead intoxication. Once absorbed, lead diffuse rapidly in soft tissues and more slowly in the skeleton. Lead presents a cumulative toxicity with generalized effects, classified in group IIIB. Screening is based on blood lead levels, induced lead poisoning or radiology exams. Treatment is based on lead fixation in a non-toxic form and its elimination under methodical control. Water pollution comes from natural or anthropogenic origins and several methods and tips can reduce the risk of lead exposure. The most common technique for the determination of lead is inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Conclusion: In order to reduce as much as possible the risks linked to lead water pollution, it is essential to raise awareness of all stakeholders on the risks related to lead exposition and to sensitize them about preventive measures to be implemented.