Von Willebrand factor in patients with peripheral artery disease who undergo invasive treatment

AIM: To evaluate the level and activity of von Willebrand factor (vWF) in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) who underwent endovascular or open bypass grafting. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 115 patients with chronic lower limb ischemia due to PAD, stage IIb-IV according to A.V. Pokrovsky–Fontaine. Fifty-five participants underwent endovascular treatment, while sixty underwent open bypass procedures using synthetic grafts. Peripheral blood samples were collected from all patients at baseline and three months after invasive treatment to determine the vWF antigen and activity. All patients were monitored every three months for a year to detect the development of unfavorable outcomes including disease progression, restenosis, graft thrombosis, oncology, myocardial infarction (MI), limb loss, stroke, and lethal outcomes. RESULTS: The highest values of vWF antigen in patients who underwent endovascular treatment were detected in patients with multilevel lesions–1.25 µg/mL (vs 0.2 µg/mL, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72–3.21 mcg/mL p = 0.019); with a similar trend observed after a 3–month follow-up. Baseline vWF antigen was higher in endovascular group patients who developed myocardial infarction (MI) within a year following the procedures as compared to those without MI: 1.15 mcg/mL (95% CI 1.05–1.175 mcg/mL) and 0.9 mcg/mL (95% CI 0.78–1.01 mcg/mL), respectively (p = 0.015). Moreover, vWF antigen was increased at the 3-month follow-up in patients with lethal outcomes–1.06 mcg/mL (95% CI 0.96–1.18 mcg/mL, р = 0.031). vWF activity in endovascular group patients with developed MI was four times higher than those without MI (р = 0.022); a similar trend was detected in the development of lethal outcomes (р = 0.009). Those who underwent open bypass grafting presented with high activity of vWF with maximum values detected in participants with proximal iliofemoral lesions (1200%, 95% CI 640%–1200%) and stage IV disease (770%, 95% CI 320%–1200%, p < 0.05). ROC analysis revealed that vWF activity at least 6.2 times higher in patients who underwent endovascular treatment associated with the development of lethal outcomes within one year after invasive treatments; sensitivity and specificity of the method were 83.3% and 75.5%, accordingly. CONCLUSION: Patients with PAD presented with increased vWF antigen and activity with maximum values detected in patients with multilevel lesions and critical lower limb ischemia. Increased vWF antigen and activity was associated with development of MI and lethal outcomes within one year following endovascular procedures on lower extremity arteries.