Analysis of environmental risks and impacts of an energy storage system: An applied case study of a photovoltaic plant in the Northeast of Brazil

Batteries have been increasingly used as energy storage tools associated with the generation of solar and wind energy, contributing to the reduction of negative environmental impacts. However, as much as there is a reduction in impacts, when compared to other forms of energy generation, it is still relevant to analyze the environmental risks and impacts that may be linked to Energy Storage Systems (ESS). This study presents an analysis of environmental risks and impacts related to ESSs, based on lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, of a photovoltaic plant located in the Northeast of Brazil. The applied methodology involved two techniques: the Bow Tie method, for the analysis of environmental risks, and the Interaction Matrix method, for the analysis of environmental impacts. Within the scope of the Bow Tie method, diagrams of the situations relevant to this study were generated, identifying causes and consequences, as well as prevention and mitigation actions for each risk. The main environmental risks found were of fire and/or explosions and environmental contamination. In the event that these risks occur, the environmental impacts associated with the physical, biotic and anthropic environments, as well as with the phases of the Li-ion ESSs (operation and decommissioning), were also identified through the Interaction Matrix, which confirmed the importance of applying preventive and appropriate measures for the listed risks, in order to, as much as possible, avoid a wide range of impacts on the environment. Through this study, it was possible to highlight both the importance of the appropriate care for the protection of the environment and for the safety of the plant's employees and the surrounding community.