Veterinary drug residues in animal-derived foods: occurrence, veterinary legislation and perceived risk factors in Cameroon

The presence of veterinary drug residues in animal-derived foods (ADF) remains a public health concern in low-income countries. In Cameroon, safety standards do not exist and information on exposure levels in both livestock and humans remains scarce. Moreover, awareness among livestock keepers and ADF consumers is low. This paper provides an overview of the current status of antimicrobial (AM) residues in ADF, veterinary legislation on the use of AM, and perceptionof risk factors with emphasis on the need for sustainable management from a one health perspective. Results show that a wide range of antimicrobials is used with little or no attention to good veterinary practices. Residues of commonly used AM agents, including those banned for use in food animal production in high-income countries, were reported. The current legislation on the use of veterinary drugs is weak and does not make provision for key concepts such as Maximum Residue Limit. Veterinarians argue that the lack of disease diagnostic facilities and excessive use of AM has led to the presence of residues in ADFs. The government and relevant agencies need to enforce regulations for the use of veterinary drugs. Further, awareness creation through educational campaigns for users and consumers as well as the implementation of measures to restrict prescription and dispensation of AM agents to recognized veterinarians are necessary. More studies on AM residues in ADFs are needed to support veterinary drug surveillance policies. This paper strongly suggests collaboration between food safety experts, animal and human health professionals, as well as policymakers to help implement good surveillance of antimicrobial use and to safeguard potent AM suitable for disease control for forthcoming generations.