Effective Bio-mediated Nanoparticles for Bioremediation of Toxic Metal Ions from Wastewater – A Review

Water tainted with colours, heavy metal ions and biological toxins, contributes to eutrophication, which in turn contributes to a variety of fatal diseases in humans and other animals, owing to the fact that water purification equipment and methods are not cheap. Due to this, there is a pressing need for economically viable wastewater treatment components. Eco-friendly nanomaterials, highly efficient and selective, renewable, earth-abundant and stable, have emerged as a major priority, overcoming a number of challenges and restrictions. Currently, the combination of nanomaterials and biomolecules from plants, including polyphenols, amines and other components, as well as intracellular and extracellular enzymes found in microbes, has become more significant in bioremediation. Biogenic nanoparticles are favoured because they are easy to expand for large-scale biosynthesis, maintain stability for an extended period, consume less time, are eco-friendly, and do not produce any detrimental by-products. The processes of nano-bioremediation and wastewater treatment are discussed in detail in this review. It primarily focuses on synthesizing, characterizing and applying bio-mediated nanoparticles, which actively remove heavy metal ions from wastewater, without adversely affecting individuals or other living things, especially in aquatic environments.