DYNAMICAL MODEL-BASED LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL OF A MODERN POWER SYSTEM INTEGRATED WITH DELAYS, EV & RES

A modern power system demands an open communication channel to support the vast number of real-time data exchanges, which may introduce time delays and communication failures thus creates new challenges in power systems. To cope up with these issues, the paper proposed an Internal Model-Based Robust Controller (IMBRC) and IMBRC-PID controller designs for the decentralized LFC (Load Frequency Control) of the modern power system. Initially, a finite-ordered linear model of the power system integrated with RES (Renewable Energy Sources) and aggregated Electrical Vehicles (EV) has been developed. Later the full-order model was employed in the proposed design to achieve complete decentralized, robust, more reliable, and effortless control performances. The Internal Model Compensator (IMC) filter time constant is tuned using Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) optimization algorithm. The objective function considered was the scalarized integral of squared and absolute errors with various weighting factors. The Least-Square Model (LSM) approximation of the IMBRC transfer function determines the PID controller gains. The controller's robustness is verified for the power system components affected by structured and unstructured uncertainties. The error performance indices and simulation results convey that the suggested design keeps the system robustly stable even when subject to varying time delays and uncertainties.