The Influence of Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser Pulse Repetition Rate on Cytokine Secretion from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Vitro

Abstract Objective: Biological effects of infrared laser energy at various exposure parameters have been characterized in previous in vitro and animal studies. However, the impact of pulse repetition rate (PRR) has not been evaluated in this context. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the influence of PRR on cytokine secretion from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) subjected to pulsed neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser energy. Materials and Methods: Rat PBMCs were cultured in vitro then stimulated using a lipopolysaccharide concentration of 0 or 100 ng/ml. Cultures received Nd:YAG laser radiation (1064 nm, 5 W, 30 s) at PRR of 0 (untreated controls), 20, 30, 40, or 60 Hz. Concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interferon-gamma-induced protein (IP)-10, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10 were recorded using a magnetic microsphere immunoassay. The main effects of PRR and LPS stimulation on cytokine concentrations, and the interaction between PRR and LPS stimulation, were assessed using two-way analysis of variance. Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to identify pairwise differences between groups. Results: The main effect of PRR was statistically significant for MIP-1α (P = 0.018), TNF-α (P = 0.025), MCP-1 (P < 0.001), MIP-2 (P = 0.013), and IL-6 (P = 0.031). Five of six pro-inflammatory cytokines exhibited significantly lower mean concentrations in laser-exposed compared with control cultures at one or more PRR. However, no statistically significant differences were found between PRR groups. Conclusions: Under the described conditions, statistically significant differences in cytokine secretion were observed between laser-exposed and control cultures, consistent with prior reports. However, PRR appears to be an irrelevant factor in immunomodulation of PBMCs.