Exploring the Effect of Engineered Nanomaterials on Soil Microbial Diversity and Functions: A Review

This review explores the impact of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) on soil microbial diversity, function, metabolic pathways, and resilience. With the increasing application of ENMs in agriculture and industrial fields, understanding their interaction with soil microorganisms is crucial. We examine various types of ENMs, their physicochemical properties, and how these influence soil microbial communities. This review highlights the dual role of ENMs, demonstrating both beneficial and detrimental effects on microbial diversity and activity. Fundamental interaction mechanisms, such as altering metabolic pathways and microbial community structure, are discussed. Additionally, we address the implications of ENM-induced changes for soil health and agricultural productivity. Further, the review provides insights into the complex dynamics of ENMs in soil ecosystems and outlines directions for future research to optimize their use while minimizing environmental risks.