Prospects and strategies for enhancing Phosphorus efficiency in Soybean production in the Nigerian savannah Regions: A review

Low crop production negatively affects most farming systems in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Grain legumes like soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) tend to have lower yields in SSA due to various biological and environmental factors. Soybean is susceptible to low soil Phosphorus (P) levels and requires large amounts of P for adequate biological nitrogen fixation through its root nodules. Unfortunately, most small-scale African farmers face difficulties affording the exorbitant costs of mineral fertilizers as over 75% of the fertilizers used are imported, which puts a significant strain on local currencies. This research study has examined previous and ongoing interventions in phosphorus application, explicitly focusing on soybean cultivation in the savannah ecological zones of Nigeria. The aim is to identify the most effective ways to advise farmers on enhancing production and encouraging the adoption of efficient Phosphorus application methods to achieve optimal yields in the face of climate change challenges. The study's significant findings include the following key points: (1) Understanding the crop's morphology to guide appropriate varietal selection. (2) Identifying the soil qualities necessary for successful Soybean cultivation. (3) Determining the appropriate rate of Phosphorus application for optimal results. (4) Selecting the most efficient method of Phosphorus application. (5) Timing the application of Phosphorus correctly to maximize its effectiveness.