Green Biosynthesis of Zinc Nanoparticles

Currently there is a growing need for the development of an environmentally friendly process of synthesis of nanoparticles, during which no toxic chemicals are used. That is why an important area of research in nanotechnology sphere is the synthesis of metal nanoparticles by microorganisms such as bacteria and yeast (detoxification often occurs by reduction of metal ions/formation of metal sulfides). Bacteria are the organism of choice due to their fast growth, high efficiency and low cost. Metal nanoparticles exhibit antimicrobial properties, but the properties of nanoparticles depend on their size and shape, making them specific for different applications. Nevertheless, the desired size and shape of nanoparticles can be obtained by optimizing the synthesis process through manipulating their reaction conditions. Microbial synthesis of nanoparticles is an alternative to chemical and physical methods, as it is non-toxic and biocompatible. Despite the relevance of the application of the “green synthesis” method in the field of nanotechnology, biosynthesis by bacterial organisms has certain disadvantages, such as a high probability of pathogenicity, labour-intensive cultivation, and pollution problems. Ultimately, there is a need to explore more potential microorganisms for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles. The paper provides a review of literature data on the biosynthesis of zinc nanoparticles using lactic acid microorganisms. It was shown that bacteria are capable of synthesizing both extracellular and intracellular nanoparticles in the wavelength range of 315-392 nm. Data on the manifestation of antimicrobial properties by zinc nanoparticles against various gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial microorganisms and micromycetes.