TACKLING ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE: COMPREHENSIVEREVIEW OF MECHANISMS, TRENDS, AND STRATEGIES

Background:Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global issue that leads to more deaths, illnesses, and higher healthcare expenses. This review aims to synthesize the current understanding of AMR, including its mechanisms, prevalence, impact, and strategies to combat it. Objectives: This review gives a complete summary of what we know about AMR, how it develops resistance, and its social and economic effects.. Additionally, it explores current and emerging approaches to combat AMR and antibiotic stewardship programme. Methods: A thorough search of many research papers was done using databases like PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Articles were selected based on relevance, scientific rigor, and recent publication date. Key themes were identified and synthesized to provide an integrated perspective on AMR. Results: The review identifies several key mechanisms of resistance, including enzymatic degradation of antibiotics, alterations in drug targets, efflux pumps, and biofilm formation. The socio-economic impact of AMR is profound, affecting healthcare costs, economic productivity, and global health security. Current methods to fight AMR include better tracking, careful use of antibiotics, infection prevention, and creating new antibiotics and other treatments. Conclusions: The review underscores the multifaceted nature of AMR and the need for a coordinated global response.Public health rules and working together globally are vital to reducing the impact of AMR and ensuring antibiotics remain effective for future generations.