Endocrine disruptors effects in ruminant reproduction

Oral exposure to synthetic and natural endocrine disruptors (ED) at different stages of life is related to alterations in the reproductive system. Ruminants represent a model for studying the effects of ED in humans due to some similarities in their development. Ruminants are considered of great importance due to continuous exposure to pasture and contaminated soils and human consumption of their meat. The present review aims to describe ED effects in ruminants' reproduction, when they are consumed in the perinatal, postnatal-pre-adulthood, and adult stages. Feeding with phytoestrogens (PE) rich forage has no nocive consequences on the male reproductive system at any stages of life; in females, they produce more significant harmful effects when administered in adulthood. In the perinatal and postnatal-pre-adulthood stages, negative effects of synthetic ED were found in both males and females. This review presents study opportunities for further research related to oral exposure to