Cooling stress hazard zoning on different rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth stages by using satellite data

Introduction Cooling stress has led to irreparable damage to the paddy fields of Gilan province. Climate research has shown the prevalence of increasing climate-related hazards including frost, drought, hail, and flood. Environmental stresses, including frost, affect different rice growth stages and affect the morphological and physiological characteristics of rice. Cooling stress is a major risk to be managed and quantitative determination of cooling stress hazard is very serious in realizing the hazard and planning to reduce it. In developing countries such as Iran, meteorological stations are usually scattered. For this reason, they use sensors such as MODIS, that are free and available to help compensate for these deficiencies. Nowadays, remote sensing technology and satellite data provide an opportunity to achieve high-resolution data. Therefore, with the development of GIS and remote sensing, real-time cooling stress monitoring can be achieved in large areas. Also, we used interpolation models so scattered observations can be converted into continuous prediction maps of the entire study area. The objective of this research is to investigate the cooling stress hazard in different rice growth stages, using remote sensing technology and MODIS satellite images in Gilan province. Materials and methods In this research, the MOD11A1 product provides daily land surface temperature (LST) data used from the MODIS sensor, and the coordinates of meteorological stations in Gilan province and the required data from these stations during the statistical period from 2000 to 2017 were obtained from the Meteorological Department. The rice growth stage was determined based on the information and statistics of the province and using MODIS sensor images and according to the critical temperature limit below which the plant experiences cold stress. Results and discussion Cooling stress hazard zoning maps in ArcGIS software, according to the number of days when the cooling stress hazard in each of the plant growth stages (the germination, the seedling, the vegetative, and the reproductive stages) occurred in the region prepared. According to the root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) obtained, among the different interpolation methods, In different rice growth stages, the IDW method was chosen to prepare the zoning map.Then, the hazard zoning map was prepared according to the cooling stress hazard classification for the rice crop in different plant growth stages between 2000 and 2017 using the IDW method. Five different classes of cooling stress hazard rice were considered as very low, low, medium, high, and very high. Conclusion Based on the cooling stress hazard zoning maps during the 17 years investigated in the studied area, in the germination, seedling, vegetative, and reproductive stages, it showed that the highest cooling stress hazard is related to the altitudes of 1000 to 2000 meters in the mountainous areas, and during the growth stage germination and reproductive, the amount of this hazard is very high and we should choose the appropriate date for the germination period and every as we get to the sea, the level of hazard in all growth stages, even in the growth stages of germination and reproductive, is low and very low.