History of Uzbek language in Afghanistan (From the Timurians of Herat to the beginning of the 21st century)

Afghanistan, which was known as Khorasan and Ariana in previous centuries, has been inhabited by different ethnic groups and tribes since ancient times. In Afghanistan, there is a vast land called Turkestan, as its name shows that the Turkish peoples i.e. (Uzbeks and Turkmens) live in it, but so far there has been less talk about the Uzbeks of Afghanistan and their language. The Uzbek language belongs to the eastern branch of Turkish languages, Turkish languages are part of the great family of Altaic languages, Turkish language was born in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan with the emergence of Qarakhanians and Ghaznawians, and with the passage of time and the continuation of the rule of Turkish dynasties and The Turkish speakers flourished (Sabaghi, 2020, p. 4) . The history of calligraphy and ancient literary and written works of the Uzbek language goes back to the inscriptions of "Orkhon Yenisi". These petroglyphs were obtained from the shores of the Orkhon seas in Mongolia, Yenisei (Ana-sai, meaning the mother valley) in southern Siberia, Talas in Kyrgyzstan and other areas such as Eastern Turkestan, Central Asia, the Caucasus, the Volga coast and parts of Europe (Vafai, 2008, p. 13).