Evaluation of energy security changes in Iran under the economic sanctions: lessons for Russian Federation

The impact of Western sanctions on Iran’s energy security is reviewed, and significant changes in the country’s energy landscape are highlighted. The main goal is to assess how the sanctions have affected various aspects of energy security, including accessibility, security, and infrastructure development. Between 2000 and 2010, Iran’s energy security index improved significantly, rising from 35.46 to 61.1. This was driven by increased investment in energy infrastructure and access to affordable energy resources, which allowed the country to strengthen its energy sector. However, the introduction of comprehensive sanctions in 2011 was a turning point that caused a sharp decline in the energy security index due to reduced international investment and limited access to technology and financial resources. Partial recovery was observed after the conclusion of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2015, when sanctions were temporarily eased, which allowed for the resumption of external contacts. Nevertheless, the US withdrawal from the agreement in 2018 led to the re-imposition of sanctions, further worsening the energy security situation. The situation has worsened against the background of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has disrupted global energy markets, and increasing geopolitical tensions. By 2021, the energy security index has dropped to 27.58, reflecting serious challenges. Data analysis indicates a strategic shift in priorities: Iran has focused on ensuring energy availability for Iranian consumers and producers in the country’s manufacturing sector. To improve energy security, the study suggests that Iran diversify its energy mix, strengthen regional partnerships, improve energy efficiency, and modernize outdated infrastructure. It is concluded that similar strategies for overcoming sanctions and mitigating their negative consequences for national energy security are applicable to Russia, and attention is focused on diversifying energy resources, self-sufficiency, and strengthening ties with non-Western countries.