Governance in the Age of Algorithms: Ethical Dilemmas and Administrative Reforms

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into public administration is transforming governance processes worldwide, offering the promise of greater efficiency and responsiveness. However, this technological shift also raises profound ethical dilemmas, particularly concerning transparency, accountability, bias, and data privacy. This study critically examines these challenges through an extensive review of global and Indian literature, supplemented by a simulated stakeholder survey. Findings reveal a cautious trust in AI systems, widespread concerns about algorithmic opacity and bias, and a strong demand for human oversight and institutional reforms. Drawing insights from international best practices and stakeholder perspectives, the study proposes actionable reforms, including mandatory transparency protocols, ethics-by-design frameworks, and capacity-building initiatives. It argues that embedding ethical safeguards into AI deployment is essential for preserving democratic accountability and ensuring that technology serves the public interest rather than undermining it.