Russian Geographical Studies of the Black Sea Region in 1800s - Early 1850s

The authors in their article reveals the key areas and results of geographical research of the Black Sea region in the 1800s - early 1850s. Based on archival materials and historical and geographical research, the authors illustrate that this stage of research was characterized by the intensive development of mapping, hydrography, and historical toponymy, due to the geopolitical interests of the Russian Empire. The authors analyze the role of marine expeditions led by F.F. Bellingshausen, M.P. Lazarev, E.P. Manganari, and other major researchers of this region. The works of these researchers made it possible to clarify the coastline, depths, currents, and areas of the Black Sea dangerous for navigation, a feat which was crucial for the safety of navigation, particularly the navy. The growing tension in international relations, the Russo-Turkish wars of the first half of the XIXth century, and in particular, the Caucasus War led to an increase in Russia’s marine geographical exploration in the region. The authors highlight the significant contribution of the researchers of the first half of the 19th century in historical geography and toponymy, as scientists and officers recorded ancient names of settlements, comparing them with ancient and medieval sources as well as modern popular names, which also contributed to the academic study of the region. Geographical studies of the Black Sea in the first half of the 19th century were comprehensive, combining scientific, military-political, and economic objectives. The results obtained laid the foundation for further exploration of the region and strengthened Russia’s position in the Northern Black Sea region against the backdrop of rivalry with Turkey and Western European countries. In addition, Russian studies of the Black Sea region contributed to the formation of the domestic geographical school. In particular, the maps and atlases drawn up during the expeditions, as well as descriptions and photographs of objects in the Black Sea, served as the basis for subsequent research and study, which is still partially relevant today. The Black Sea geographical studies of the first half of the 19th century, especially those conducted in the 1840s - early 1850s, played a major role in the development of overall geographical science in the region. They demonstrated the importance of combining military-practical objectives and scientific knowledge in the context of the complex foreign policy situation and wars of Russia fought throughout the first half of the 19th century.