Performance Evaluation of Canola Oil-based Nano-Cutting Fluid with TiO2 Nanoparticle Additive in CNC Milling Process with Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) System

Mineral oil-based cutting fluid is the most commonly used type due to its superior performance, but it has a large environmental impact. Therefore, this study explores the performance of canola oil with TiO2 nanoparticle additives in the Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) system in the CNC milling process with AISI 1045 steel workpieces cut using a 4-flute endmill. The variations in the concentration of TiO2 mass fraction used were 0.1%, 0.15%, and 0.2%. The results showed that using a nano-cutting fluid with 0.15% TiO2 reduced the cutting temperature by up to 56.52% compared to the dry-cutting method. In addition, this cutting fluid also produced the lowest surface roughness (0.722 µm) and negligible tool wear (0.246 mm). The results indicate that the combination of canola oil and TiO2 can be an effective, environmentally friendly alternative in improving machining performance compared to conventional cutting fluids.