Associations of Binge Drinking and Smoking with Type 2 Diabetes among Adults in California: Age and Race Differences

Objective:The incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is rising rapidly in the world. Findings focusing on the impact of two main lifestyle factors, smoking and alcohol consumption, on T2D were mixed. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of T2D and to examine the association of lifestyle factors including smoking and binge drinking with T2D. Materials and Methods: 4046 adults with T2D and 38234 controls were selected from the 2011-2012 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS). Weighted univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: The overall prevalence of T2D was 7.0% (7.2% for males and 6.8 % for females). The prevalence increased with age (1.7%, 10.3% and 17.2% for age group 18-44, 45-64 and 65+ years, respectively). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that past smoking (OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.13-1.45), middle-aged adults (OR = 6.23, 95% CI = 5.09-7.62) and elderly adults (OR = 10.38, 95% CI = 8.28-13.0), nonwhite (Latino, Asian, and Africa American), obesity and poor poverty were positively associated with T2D. Furthermore, being female (OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.67-0.86), binge drinking (OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.57-0.80), and employment were negatively associated with T2D. Stratified by age and race, obesity was positively associated with T2D in all age and race groups. Past smoking was positively associated with T2D in middle aged Asian and Whites groups only. Binge drinking showed negative association with T2D in the middle-aged and elderly Whites and in the elderly Asians. Conclusion: Lifestyle factors (binge drinking and smoking) were associated with T2D. There were age and race differences in the associations of binge drinking and smoking with T2D.