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In about 145 A.H./762 A.D., city of Baghdad was founded as the new capital of Abbasids. Over the next five centuries, the city would become the world's center of education and culture. This period of glory has become known as the "Golden Age" of Islamic civilization, when scholars of the Muslim world made important contributions to both the physical and social sciences. Under Abbasid rule, Baghdad became a city of museums, hospitals, libraries, and mosques. Most of the famous Muslim scholars from the 9th to 13th centuries had their educational roots in Baghdad. While Europe festered in the Dark Ages, Baghdad was thus at the heart of a vibrant and diverse civilization. It was known as the world's richest and most intellectual city of the time. After 500 years of rule, however, the Abbasid dynasty slowly began to lose its vitality and relevance over the vast Muslim world. The city of Baghdad was finally trashed by the Mongols in 656 A.H./1258 A.D., effectively ending the era of the Abbasids. The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers reportedly ran red, with the blood of thousands of scholars. Many of the libraries, and great historical treasures were looted and forever ruined. In this article the historical and political background is discussed in detail.