Recurrent Nephrolithiasis in Childhood Progressing to End-Stage Renal Disease: Case Report

Introduction: The incidence of nephrolithiasis is uncommon in children. However, this disease must not be neglected, because it might lead to progressive loss of renal function and even the need of renal replacement therapy in this age group. Case Report: Eighteen years-old female patient in renal replacement therapy had been followed since she was four years old because of recurrent urinary tract infections, without any anatomic alterations in the urinary tract. Appeared with a staghorn calculus in her left kidney at nine years old with progressive loss of glomerular filtration rate. Discussion: Nephrolithiasis is pointed as a risk factor to chronic kidney disease, but rarely is identified as a cause of end stage renal disease. Patients with kidney stone that develop chronic kidney disease correspond from 0.8 to 17.5%, while 0.2 to 3.2% needs renal replacement therapy. The cause of renal insufficiency in patients with nephrolithiasis is multifactorial and includes renal obstruction, recurrent urinary tract infection, frequent surgical interventions and coexistent medical diseases.