THE HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE OF THE MOBILITY OF STUDENTS AND TEACHERS IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN HUNGARY

The mobility of students and teachers has emerged as a phenomenon with the emergence and development of European universities and throughout their history. In modern Europe the mobility of students and teachers is gaining significance, being one of the priorities of higher education at national and European levels. Promoting mobility is defined in the Bologna Declaration as one of the principal aims of importance in building a unified European area of higher education. The Budapest University, with other European universities, was involved in the process of teachers' and students' mobility. Since its founding in the XVII century has been requirements for students' and teachers' mobility. Prior to joining the University in Hungary, Hungarian students attending various universities in Europe. We know that in the sixteenth century Hungarian students attending European universities, confirming the existence of mobility. During the study, it was identified factors that affect the mobility of students and teachers. In the medieval period mobility supported primarily by the presence in the universities of similar organizational and management structure - a structure of faculties, which organized the science and education, and the corresponding structure of corporations -associations of teachers and students. A factor providing mobility was widespread recognition of diplomas, which was practiced by European universities. In XVII-XIX centuries, organizational structure and management of universities could be factors that limited the development of mobility, especially the mobility of teachers, as it was in the Budapest University where for teacher's vacant positions were designated by the government. However, the centralization of the University of Budapest during the various stages of its development, to a certain extent would be a factor limiting students' mobility. Factors potentially contributing to the development of the mobility of students and teachers were Latin and German languages teaching at the University of Budapest since XVII-XIX centuries as these languages were widely used in European science and education. An important principle of academic freedom, which contributed to students' mobility in Hungary, was introduced in the 50 years of the nineteenth century by the decision, according to which, students were enlisted periods of study at other universities. So, our study highlights the history of the mobility of students and teaching staff based on the Budapest University and the factors facilitated or impeded the development of academic mobility.