NUTRACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF COPPER, MANGANESE AND ZINC IN RUMEN METABOLISM AND BODY IMMUNE PROCESSES

The key component in striving towards optimum animal production are possible by the provision of essential nutrients such as protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals and vitamins to livestock in a balance pattern. The important role of trace minerals in term of animal production is far away very much highlighted broadly, as the trace elements are recognized with the most significant functional components of numerous metabolic processes. The body has the basic needs of trace minerals in trace amounts, ranging from 0.10 to 50.0 mg/kg of dry matter in the feed of dairy animals. These trace elements are essential for all biochemical processes of the body that supports the growth and the appropriate maintenance. Such as, copper (Cu) is necessary for the function of the superoxide dismutase and in the removal of toxic by-products of metabolic pathways. The exclusion of these toxic byproducts permits metabolism to perform efficiently, uninhibited by damaging oxygen free radicals. Manganese(Mn), an essential trace mineral, important for development, metabolism, in the antioxidant system and has a slight effect on stimulating the activity of the Urease. Zinc (Zn), a significant trace mineral for the enzymatic function, help in the regulation of the production of nucleic acid, the metabolism of carbohydrates and protein synthesis, thus providing a stable framework for the development. Generally, Legume forages, grains, dairy rations and dietary trace mineral complexes are the fair sources of these trace minerals to meet the requirements of livestock. The immune system is part of the defense of the host against the destructive forces from the outside of the body, such as bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses, or of the Interior, such as the malignant cells or those who produce auto-antibodies. Trace minerals have an important role for normal immune function and disease resistance including zinc, copper and manganese. An insufficiency in atleast one of these components can compromise immunocompetence of an animal. The body immune framework is made of two branches: the innate or non-specific of the immune framework, and the adaptive or specific framework of immunity. In this review paper, an effort has been established to scrutinize the effects of minerals supplement in the rumen metabolism and their individual or joined effects on body immune processes in different species of animals. Key words: Trace Elements, Rumen Fermentation and Reproductive Health, Body Immune Processes.