Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Modification and Applications

Considerable technological success has been recently achieved in nanomedicine. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are one of the most versatile and successful particles for biomedical applications. The large surface area, the aspect ratio between pore size and porosity, and tunability of these characteristics give MSNs advantages over other nanoparticles in the biomedical space. In this review, we outline the conventional synthesis methods for MSNs. In addition, the biocompatibility of MSNs is discussed with respect to the size, shape and surface properties. Emphasis has been placed on physical and chemical modifications that are utilized to enhance the biocompatibility and extend the biomedical applications of MSNs. Layer by layer self-assembly and chemical surface functionalization have been entirely discussed. Lastly, we demonstrate the potential of silica nanoparticles in biomedical applications including drug delivery, tissue regeneration, and bioimaging. The development of multifunctional MSNs able to exert the optimal therapeutic and/or diagnostic actions constitutes a significant challenge in nanomedicine. Recent advanced MSN-based platforms open new avenues in the application of nanoparticles in nanomedicine.