PRINCIPLES OF HABITAT FORMATION IN THE ARCTIC REGION

The human habitat in the Arctic is formed under the influence of many factors. They determine the pattern of built-up areas, the shape of buildings, the principles of life support, the internal structure and content of objects. The current stage of development of the Russian Arctic is complicated by the impact of global warming. A steady increase in the overall temperature background leads to the results that inevitably change the strategies for development of the region. The main positive economic effect from the increase in the average annual temperature levels is manifested by the increase of duration of navigation in the Northern Sea Route and the increase of freight traffic. Other effects have, rather, a negative sign. First of all, warming leads to thawing of permafrost and, as a result, to a sudden reduction of soil stability and destruction of buildings and structures. The second global effect causes the advancing of the ocean and the flooding of vast areas, apparent degradation of the shoreline with its regular collapse and immersion. The complex impact of natural and climatic types leads to complication of the approach in formation of the habitat in extreme conditions. Comparison of different types of Arctic and Antarctic settlement bases makes it possible to identify general principles for formation of such objects. The implemented projects allow us to reveal features and shortcomings both in designing of buildings and in organization of the habitat. Subject: models and methods of organization of the habitat of extreme Arctic and Antarctic zones. Research objectives: identification of the principles of formation of the environment of special objects in the extreme conditions. Materials and methods: method of comparison of experience of designing special objects in the extreme conditions. Results: the discovered patterns allow us to define the principles of formation of the environment of objects in the extreme conditions. Conclusions: application of the principles of habitat formation in the extreme conditions to the design of the human habitat in the Russian Arctic is possible.