Chemical Composition and Source Identification of Fog Water at an Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) Outflow Location (Coastal Bhola Island), Bangladesh

With the objective of understanding fog water chemistry and sources contribution at an IGP outflow location (coastal Bhola Island, Bangladesh), we have collected fifteen fog water samples during winter 2016-17. Major ions, trace metals with physical properties (pH and electrical conductivity) were measured. The pH (7.12± 0.20) was slightly alkaline, which was much higher than rest of the world, but consistent with IGP region. Ca2+ containing species were the main contributor to the neutralization process of fog water, followed by K+ and Mg2+. The neutralizing species were derived mainly from soil dusts with a minor contribution from sea salt. HYSPLIT trajectory analysis revealed that substantial influences of the contaminated air mass in fog water from IGP. However, higher enrichment factors and parentage source contribution of SO42- (76.9), NO3- (99.3) and trace metals (Mn, Cu, and Zn) suggested significant anthropogenic contribution in the fog water at this Indo-Gangetic Outflow Location.